9 February 1918: Amidst protracted negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, the Central Powers recognized the Ukraine as a protectorate, independent of Soviet Russia, exchanging military aid for food stuffs (Brotfrieden, "bread for peace"); the Ukrainians had been pushed toward the Vierbund by Bolshevik aggression & sabotage, especially the armed uprising at the Kiev Arsenal (29 January-4 February).
Lest we forget.
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