14 December 1962: Mariner 2, A.K.A. Mariner-Venus 1962, flew within 22,000 miles of Venus, the first spacecraft to encounter another planet; microwave & infrared radiometry found little variation in surface temperature between the light & dark sides of Venus; magnetometry indicated that if Venus has a magnetic field (it does), it must be weak, less than one-tenth as strong as the Earth's (it is).
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